Which of these metal ions can be selectively reduced in an aqueous solution? Is the zirconium ion easier to reduce than water? Try again. Well done! Silver ion is much easier to reduce than water A nice way to silverplate flatware!
Is the magnesium ion easier to reduce than water? Which of these metals can be refined using the experiment described for copper in the preceeding section? Though zirconium ion is easier to oxidize than water, it is more difficult to reduce. You would be unable to efficiently deposit zirconium metal at the cathode.
Note: sulphide is now spelt sulfide, sulphate is now sulfate and sulphur is now sulfur. Equation note : The equations are often written three times: i word equation, ii balanced symbol equation without state symbols, and, iii with the state symbols g , l , s or aq to give the complete balanced symbol equation.
Metal extraction index. Introduction to Metal Extraction. Extraction of Iron and Steel Making. Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium. Extraction of Lead, Zinc, Titanium and Chromium.
For more on the reactivity series of metals and oxidation-reduction redox reaction see. Detailed notes on the 'Reactivity Series of Metals'. Detailed notes on oxidation and reduction and rusting. Detailed notes on metal reactivity series experiments. A summary diagram of important ideas to do with the reactivity series of metals! The extraction of copper from copper ores How is copper extracted?
What is the state of copper ore reserves? Copper can be extracted from copper—rich ores by heating the ores in a furnace smelting and the copper can be purified by electrolysis. However, the supply of copper—rich high grade ores is limited. Copper is extracted from its ores by chemical processes that involve heat or electricity roasting ores in a smelter—furnace and purification by electrolysis — all the details below.
Because of its position in the reactivity series of metals, less reactive copper can be extracted using carbon in a smelting furnace. Copper is well below carbon less reactive and so can be displaced by carbon from its compounds eg copper oxides or sulfides. However, in practice, modern copper smelters can actually manage the extraction without using carbon coke and then electrolysis is usually used to purify the impure copper from the smelter.
The metal copper can be easily extracted BUT copper—rich ores are becoming scarce so new methods of extracting copper are being developed to exploit low grade ores. A low grade ore is one with low concentrations of copper and research is going on to try and exploit waste material left over from processing high grade ores. The copper obtained from the smelting processes described above is too impure to use, so it is purified by electrolysis details further down the page.
The future for copper mining and other sources of metals? How is copper extracted by phytomining and bioleaching? Introduction to alternative biological methods of extracting metals:. Rich high grade ores will be more rapidly used up than low grade ores, limiting sustainability - unless we find ways of using low grade ores or waste from mining high grade ores.
Traditional large scale copper mining is damaging to the environment and produces huge amounts of waste , but these methods have less impact on the environment and can make good use of waste containing residual copper, but the processes of bioleaching and phytomining are unfortunately slow.
Finite reserves of copper ores are becoming scarce and new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores include phytomining , and bioleaching. Low grade ores only contain small concentrations of copper and would not normally be considered economic to mine and process, as would waste material from processing high grade copper ores. These two methods avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock - they make finite copper resources last longer and reduce the impact on the environment.
Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds and the plants are then harvested and burned to produce ash that contains a more concentrated raw material of the metal compounds. From this ash the metal can then be extracted. Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.
The metal compounds can be processed to obtain the metal e. Copper—rich ores are being depleted and traditional mining and extraction have major environmental impacts, so there are important issues involved with the future exploitation of copper ore reserves. For example as mentioned above, copper can be extracted by phytomining , or by bioleaching. Phytomining Phytoextraction 'mining with plants',. Extracting copper in this way is a commercial example of phytoextraction. Phytomining uses growing plants in soil to absorb metal compounds.
Such plants cannot always get rid of the copper ions and they build up in leaves. These plants naturally absorb copper compounds through their roots as they feed on the nutrients around them and because they can't always get rid of the excess of certain metals like copper, this results in higher concentrations of these copper compounds in the plant tissues e.
The plants are then cropped harvested , dried and burned in a furnace to produce an ash that contains the metal's soluble compounds which can be extracted. The combustion process concentrates the metal in the ash.
The bigger the plant and the faster it grows, the greater the yield of metals like copper. The ash is dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and the copper can be extracted by electrolysis or more cheaply by displacement of the copper with scrap iron.
In this extraction process, the copper metal is precipitated out of the copper sulfate solution, the iron dissolves in the reaction forming iron sulfate solution. In terms of oxidation and reduction the ionic redox equation is:. You should be able to work out the two half equation:. Bioleaching 'bacteria extraction' bacterial extraction with 'rock eating bacteria'!
You can use low grade ores or waste material from the higher ore grade mining operations. Bioleaching uses bacteria bacterial microorganisms to produce leachate solutions that contain soluble copper compounds that can be processed to extract the copper.
Some bacteria naturally absorb copper compounds as they chemically interact with the surrounding mineral rocks to as an energy source and free the metal from the ore to form copper ions. The impurity ions remain in solution. Related questions How can electrolysis be used to produce chlorine? How does electrolysis separate hydrogen and oxygen?
How is electrolysis used to extract aluminium? How do electrochemical cells relate to electrolysis? What happens on the cathode during the electrolysis of a copper II sulfate solution?
How can I extract sodium and chloride from salt? Why is Delta G negative for electrolysis reactions?
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