April 25, Taft appoints Hughes to the Supreme Court. President Taft appoints Governor Charles E. Hughes of New York to the Supreme Court. May 20, Glavis-Ballinger dispute. May 31, Injunction on freight rates. June 18, June 20, TR declines Taft's invitation. June 25, Postal Savings Bank Act. August 31, Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" speech.
September 5, Taft rejects joint honor. September 7, The International Court of Arbitration. September 10, September 27, Taft supports Roosevelt. September 29, The National Urban League. November 1, Taft appoints Willis Van Devanter. November 8, December 12, Taft appoints Chief Justice. January 21, National Progressive Republican League. February 7, March 2, Investigating postal rates. March 7, Mobilizing along Mexican border. Taft appoints Secretary of Interior.
March 16, Taft appoints Secretary of War. Taft appoints Henry Stimson secretary of war to replace Jacob Dickinson. March 25, Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire. May 15, Dissolution of Standard Oil. The U. Supreme Court orders the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. May 16, May 29, American Tobacco Co dissolved. June 17, Robert LaFollette announces run.
July 26, Canadian Tariff Reciprocity Agreement. Taft signs the Canadian Tariff Reciprocity Agreement. August 3, Arbitration with France and England. August 17, Taft vetoes tariff reductions. September 21, Canadian reciprocity defeated. October 1, Taft tours the western United States. October 26, November 6, Madero becomes president of Mexico. Francisco Madero, a wealthy landowner, assumes office after being elected President of Mexico. January 6, New Mexico becomes a state.
New Mexico is admitted as the forty-seventh state. January 17, Taft calls for federal budget. Taft urges the adoption of an annual federal budget. January 22, American interests in Chinese Revolution.
February 14, Arizona becomes a state. Arizona is admitted as the forty-eighth state. February 20, President Taft nominates Mahlon Pitney. February 22, Theodore Roosevelt throws in. March 14, Halting major railroad merger. Harvey Wiley resigns. March 27, Washington's first cherry trees. April 9, Creation of the Children's Bureau.
April 14, April 15, Julia Lathrop heads the Children's Bureau. June 5, American Marines land in Cuba to ensure order under the Platt Amendment.
Taft wins Republican nomination. June 19, Congress passes 8 hour workday. July 2, Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson. August 5, Progressives nominate Roosevelt. Download all slides. Sign in Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? You could not be signed in. Sign In Forgot password? Don't have an account? Organization of American Historians members Sign in via society site.
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Department of Interior, had a personal interest in obstructing an investigation of the Cunningham case, Glavis had sought support from the U. Forest Service, whose jurisdiction over the Chugach National Forest included several of the Cunningham claims.
He received a sympathetic response from Alexander Shaw, Overton Price, and Pinchot, who had helped Glavis prepare the presentation for Taft.
Taft consulted with Attorney General George Wickersham before issuing a public letter in September, exonerating Ballinger and authorizing the dismissal of Glavis on grounds of insubordination. In response, Glavis took his case to the press. Pinchot was promptly fired, but from January to May, the U. House of Representatives held hearings on Ballinger. After this congressional investigation, Ballinger was cleared of any wrongdoing, but some continued to criticize him for favoring private enterprise and exploitation over conservationism.
By , the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against each other, despite their personal friendship. The Progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, championed ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions.
The results of the election made it clear to Taft that Roosevelt no longer supported his presidency, and that Roosevelt might even contend for the party nomination in In response, Taft soon decided that he would focus on canvassing for delegates and not attempt at the outset to confront Roosevelt. As Roosevelt became more radical in his Progressivism, Taft hardened his resolve to achieve renomination; ultimately he outmaneuvered Roosevelt, regained control of the GOP convention, and won the nomination.
However Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic nominee, was elected with 41 percent of the popular vote; Roosevelt received 27 percent, and Taft received 25 percent. Taft won a mere eight electoral votes in Utah and Vermont , marking his defeat as the worst in American history of an incumbent president seeking reelection. The split in the Republican vote made it possible for Wilson to carry a number of states that had been reliably Republican for decades.
For the first time since , a majority of the New England states were carried by a Democrat. In fact, Wilson was the first Democratic presidential candidate ever to carry the state of Massachusetts whereas Rhode Island and Maine had not been carried by a Democrat since On the West Coast, Oregon had not been carried by a Democrat since The split in the Republican vote resulted in the weakest Republican effort in history.
In his inaugural address, Wilson reiterated his agenda for lower tariffs and banking reform, as well as for aggressive trust and labor legislation. He also had Congress pass the Adamson Act, which imposed an eight-hour workday for railroad workers. Wilson worked closely with Southern Democrats. Burleson brought up the issue of segregating workplaces in a cabinet meeting and urged the president to establish it across the government, and in restrooms, cafeterias, and work spaces.
Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo also permitted lower-level officials to racially segregate employees in the workplaces of those departments. In an early foreign-policy matter, Wilson responded to an angry protest by the Japanese when the state of California proposed legislation that excluded Japanese people from land ownership in the state.
There was talk of war and some argument within the cabinet for a show of naval force, which Wilson rejected; after diplomatic exchanges the scare subsided. In implementing economic policy, Wilson had to transcend the sharply opposing policy views of the Southern and agrarian wing of the Democratic Party led by William Jennings Bryan, and the pro-business and Northern wing led by urban political bosses: Tammany in New York, Sullivan in Chicago, and Smith and Nugent in Newark.
With large Democratic majorities in Congress and a healthy economy, Wilson seized the opportunity to achieve his agenda.
Wilson also made quick work of realizing his pledges to beef up antitrust regulation and to bring reform to banking and currency matters. Narrowly reelected in , Wilson centered his second term on World War I and the subsequent peace treaty negotiations in Paris.
In early , Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving the waging of the war itself primarily in the hands of the army. In the late stages of the war, Wilson took personal control of negotiations with Germany, including the armistice. In , he issued his Fourteen Points, which stated his view of a postwar world that could avoid another terrible conflict.
In , he went to Paris to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles, giving special attention to creating new nations out of defunct empires. Wilson collapsed with a debilitating stroke that rendered him ineffective until he left office in March Wilson was also a highly effective partisan campaigner as well as a legislative strategist. During his first term as president, Woodrow Wilson focused on three types of reform: tariff reform, banking reform, and business reform.
Wilson Inauguration : Woodrow Wilson being sworn into the office of the presidency in In office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since Leading the Congress, now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of Progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in Having taken office one month after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Wilson called a special session of Congress, whose work culminated in the Revenue Act of , reintroducing an income tax and lowering tariffs.
Through passage of the Adamson Act, imposing an eight-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. During his first term as president, Wilson focused on three types of reform: tariff reform, business reform, and banking reform. This act lowered tariffs for the first time since the American Civil War, despite the protectionist lobby. In April , President Wilson summoned a special joint session of Congress in order to confront the perennial tariff question.
He brought special attention to the matter by making his appeal before Congress in person. Wilson spoke only briefly, but made it clear that in order to avoid repeating the embarrassment of the thwarted reform of , tariff reform was essential.
The burden was clearly on Democratic shoulders, because they controlled both houses of Congress for the first time in more than 18 years. On September 9, , Oscar W. Underwood of Alabama guided the Revenue Act of through the House where it passed, to and the Senate where it passed, 44 to Contemporaries considered the Revenue Act a political triumph for Wilson. The Act established the lowest rates since the Walker Tariff of Most schedules were put on an ad valorem basis that is, X percent of the dollar value of the item.
The duty on woolens, for instance, went from 56 percent to Steel rails, raw wool, iron ore, and agricultural implements had zero rates.
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