If you use a footnote in a sentence that has a dash, make sure the footnote number is placed before the dash. Footnotes should be numbered sequentially throughout the paper. Do not start over again at number 1 on each page. The footnote citation at the bottom of the page should have the number, and it should also be in superscript. For the note itself, use the same font as the rest of your paper but in a smaller size. For example, if your paper is written in 12 pt.
If you use a source in a footnote, you also need to include it in the Works Cited list at the end of your paper. Magyarody, Katherine. JSTOR , www. By Catherine Sigler. Catherine has a Ph. Use superscript Arabic numerals to number the endnote citations in the text. If you want to add any citations within the note, include the page numbers in parentheses at the end of the sentence or at a natural breaking point.
An endnote citation can appear in the middle of a sentence if the sentence warrants that placement for clarity, but insert the endnote in the least distracting but unambiguous place. While MLA only uses endnotes in its publications, notes may be styled as footnotes or as endnotes. Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style. Get Started. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the Works Cited , References , or Bibliography section.
They are used to offer commentary or cite references on a specific part of text in the body of the paper. For example, should an author wish to include an interesting fact or comment about one of the statements made in the paper, but that comment is seemingly irrelevant to the argument being presented, they may choose to include that information in a footnote.
In this scenario, they would embed a symbol as a placeholder for the footnote at the end of the sentence being commented on and reprint the symbol and their commentary in the footnote.
The main difference between Footnotes and Endnotes is that Footnotes are placed numerically at the foot of the very same page where direct references are made, while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitled Endnotes or Notes.
If you are still using a typewriter, a superscript number is typed half a space above the line after the last word of the citation, e. To type a Footnote citation, the same superscript number is put at the beginning of the Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs.
When mentioning a work for the first time, a full and complete Footnote or Endnote entry must be made. The process for including Footnotes or Endnotes in fairly consistent for most types of texts, however, what about including footnotes on virtual media like websites and blogs? Technology is ever changing, and as such, the process for standardizing citation on websites has not yet been formalized. However, many thought leaders believe that the inclusion of website footnotes will not only lend credibility to the site, but also allow readers to utilize originating sources in order to gather additional information.
Creating a website footnote is not difficult. In a Bibliography, each citation consists of a minimum of three statements or sentences, hence each entry requires a minimum of three periods, e. More tips concerning MLA footnote example. Gibaldi does NOT recommend the use of these old-fashioned abbreviations: ibid.
For Footnote or Endnote citations, if you should see the term ibid. For second or later mention of the same work with intervening entries, where previously op. Useful information: Free online plagiarism checker that shows the percentage of uniqueness of your paper. Table of contents Formatting footnotes and endnotes in MLA Citing a lot of sources at once Explaining citation or translation practice Using notes to elaborate on ideas Providing more examples in notes Frequently asked questions about MLA notes.
Both footnotes and endnotes are indicated by superscript numbers. The number usually appears at the end of a sentence, after the period. If you need to use a note in the middle of a sentence to avoid ambiguity, place the number directly after a punctuation mark with the exception of the dash , where the number comes before.
Four main factors have been determined as possible characteristics of any successful fictional work: 6 popularity, enduring fame, commercial success and scholarly appeal. Each of the case studies must possess at least one of these. The note itself begins with the corresponding number, again in superscript, followed by a space, and then the content of the note.
Notes should be in the same font as the rest of your document, but a smaller font size; the first line of each note is slightly indented. Your word processing program should allow you to automatically insert footnotes. If you are using endnotes, list them on a separate page directly before the Works Cited list. Like the rest of an MLA format paper , the endnotes should be double-spaced. When you have a lot of sources to cite at once, you can save space in your text by placing them in a note instead.
These can be sources for a statement you made in the text, or sources providing supplementary information relevant to the discussion. Scribbr Plagiarism Checker. For example, you might use your own translations for some texts but not others, or you might cite different editions of a text in different ways.
These details can be clarified in notes where relevant. When you mention something in passing but think more information may be useful to the reader, you can add the extra information, as well as related sources if relevant, in a note.
Bear in mind that long notes with superfluous information can be distracting for readers. Use notes of this kind sparingly, and keep them brief. If a piece of information is essential to your point, you should usually include it in the main text.
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